(Week 4 -option 2)

            The Influence and Impact of Humanism on Renaissance Art

The Renaissance marks the victory of individualism and the uncompromising prominence of the individual.  People no longer concentrated all of their thoughts and efforts upon the blessed existence that awaited them in heaven. The style of painting began to change and the standard of beauty was being measured by fundamental and uncompromising representation of individual qualities. 

During the 15^th Century patronage shifted from the church to the merchant class and wealthy patrons of the patrician class.  Humanism was emerging and religious devotion, though still an important part of people’s lives, was being restructured to accommodate the belief that man can be the master to his own fate   Artists were elevated in social standing and their art was looked upon not as simple hobby crafts, but as divinely inspired creations. Classical humanism was a key dynamic of the Italian Renaissance. This philosophical movement was based on the idea that every person’s life had value and dignity. Humanism also stressed man’s position in the natural world.  The Humanists believed modern man should look to the classical writings and art of the ancient Greeks and Romans as a tool or guide for ethical living and scholarship.  New modern innovations and knowledge provoked this particular era into a new way of seeing, doing and living. Paintings of the High Renaissance are extremely radiant and vivid. In contrast to the former preference for beauty of an angelic type, the focus shifted to depicting powerful, energetic, secular beings.  A highly valued synthesis of science, geometry and art, along with the natural world were the core inspirations of this new style of art.  The techniques used by painters of the High Renaissance were quite innovative in themselves. Their use of newly developed oil mediums and incandescent colors created a unique vividness to their paintings.  Italian High Renaissance artists achieved an ideal of harmony and balance comparable with the works of ancient Greece or Rome. Renaissance Classicism was a form of art that showed the world as it was. Forms, colors and proportions, light and shade effects, spatial harmony, composition, perspective, and anatomy were all are handled with total control and a level of accomplishment for which there are no real precedents.

The Mona Lisa was painted between 1503 and 1506 and is Leonardo's most famous piece of work.  It is just as well known for its amazing use of technical innovations as it is for the enigmatic smiling subject.  Da Vinci used a pyramid design by placing the woman in a simple calm space for the painting. Her folded hands form the front corner of the pyramid. Her breast, neck and face and hands all glow in the same light. This light source gives the surfaces an underlying geometry of spheres and circles.   He modified this pyramid formula in order to create the visual impression of distance between the sitter and the observer. The armrest of the chair functions as the element which divides Mona Lisa and the viewer. The woman sits ridigidly upright with her arms folded, which is also a sign of her possible serious and reserved nature.  Her gaze is fixed on the observer which she seems to silently invite to this intimate communication. Due to the brightly lit face being framed with various darker elements (her hair, veil and shadows), the woman appears very alive.  Da Vinci achieved this by using a  new method of not drawing outlines, in the corners of her mouth and eyes for example.  Although I feel that her expression is somewhat androgenous, I can feel her smiling with the gaze of her eyes alone in a flirtatious manner. This style of painting is a perfect example of two techniques, sfumato and chiaroscuro both of which Leonardo became a great master at. The Mona Lisa is simple yet exquisite with details that bring it to life.

           

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Baptism of Christ

Baptism of Christ

(1450)

             I believe that the color(s) within a composition can have a profound affect on a person’s mood.  Due to the cool pastel colors and earth tones I feel that this particular piece is very calming and peaceful.  Balance is also something that I find relaxing, this piece is very well balanced and depicts movement with a sense of being grounded. 

             Piero della Francesca was an Italian artist who was one of the greatest artists of the Early Renaissance period. His paintings are characterized by serene humanism and use of geometric forms, particularly in relation to perspective. Francesca had many things that inspired him however the rounded figures were inspired from Masaccio, and from Domenico he was inspired to use delicate cool colors and scenes drenched in crisp, clear daylight. To these influences he added an innate sense of order and clarity. Within his work there are always large areas light or that of white in his works; the skies are big, light and sunny.

            The Baptism of Christ is an egg tempera painting which was painted upon a piece of poplar wood.  This painting dates to the 1450’s, it was Francesca’s first important commission during this period; originally it was painted for the Chapel of San Giovanni.  Most of Piero's works include altarpieces and church frescoes which were religious in nature.  He always presented scenes of amazing beauty, serene figures fixed in clear, finely detailed space.     

Several things within this particular piece stood out to me; however the most striking is that of the light source.  The light cast from above creates amazing soft colors and shadows, both of which enhance the dimensionality of this piece. Other things that stood out to me were the placement of Christ and the baptism bowl.  They are both placed near center of the painting which suggests their great importance. In the distance, between the tree and Christ, Piero's home town of Sansopolcro can be seen.  Foreshortening is also present within this piece; the dove is a great example of this. I like how the dove is painted to be flying over and looking down at Christ. I also enjoyed how part of the dove is overlapping in front of the foliage on the tree, and then partly in front of the sky.  The overlapping brings the dove up front into the foreground, this gives the illusion that it is hovering over Christ’s head. The horizontal pattern of the clouds integrates the dove nicely into the skyline. The dove is placed within this piece to symbolize the Holy Spirit.  This piece has a sense of great depth, from the rolling hills, to the gradual decrease in size of the trees which fade into the background.   This piece seems to open up as you look at it, from up close and personal to wide open spaces. 

There are several different lines which all point to the center of the piece which is occupied by Christ; for example two of the three angels are looking at Christ. There are several different lines within this piece which depict upright, strong forms. An example of this is Christ’s torso and legs and the tree which he stands next to.  They are the same color and posed in an upright forward position.  Johns left leg is bent toward Christ, and the person standing to the right, just behind John is bent over towards Christ as well.  While standing in a very shallow creek Christ is baptized by John. I really like how the images of the sky and the tree are depicted in the smooth glass like reflection of the creek.

Although this is suppose to be a specific religious event which took place in time, there is something about it that intrigues me in a non religious way. Everything seems to be frozen in time, yet there is movement, because my eye continues to move around the page picking up details it missed from the first glance.  The framing of the painting might have something to do with this; the intentional circular top with the square shaped bottom is quite interesting.  There is so much to take in and look at, yet this piece is very simplistic in the way it presents this historical event.

“Northern Renaissance: The Supreme Art” (week 2)

           

        According to the documentary many ideas were valued in the Northern Renaissance period.  Religious themes were the most prevalent in all Renaissance art, as were the mediums of oil paint and sculpture.   Northern Renaissance seemed to adopt a version of the Roman style verism since they preferred highly realistic, individualistic depictions of human faces and figures. Surface realism was highly remarkable within the textures of human flesh and jewels. The depiction of light, shadow and reflection within an art piece were commonly used during this time period as well. Examples of these wonderful techniques can be seen within the Ghent altarpiece, which was done by the famous Jan Van Eyck. When looking at this piece one might find themselves feeling as though they were gazing through a window into another world, a spiritual world at that. I agree with the documentary narrator that it was within pieces like this that the dead seems to live again.

 

      The portrait of Adam within the alter piece really stood out to me. Being a painter myself I know how hard it is to make a portrait actually look life like.  Jan Van Eyck had an amazing gift; the way he made and used pigments was quite revolutionary.  I found it incredibly interesting how he created and used different glazes to create depth and texture, especially within the jewels. I would consider him to be a genius, not only for the time period which he lived and devised such a unique style of art, but because the way that he was able to transfer his imagination and ideas onto canvas with incredible accuracy.  I found it astonishing how with the use of paint the reflection of light within Adams eyes, and the lack there of within Eves eyes in the Ghent altarpiece is something tedious that helps bring dimension and life to the subjects. Jan Van Eyck must have been a very patient artist.  It takes time to be able to layer oil paint in order to masterfully depict reality within paintings.

 During the Renaissance era paintings were extremely expensive, therefore only the wealthy were able to afford such luxurious pieces of art.  Portraiture and the three-quarter view became popular during this time. Portraits were done not only to remember a person but to honor their legacy. Wealthy people were usually the ones who had their portraits done, however as it became more popular; occasionally the common man was able to afford to have it done, depending on the artist who painted it. 

Another thing I found interesting was that gold and jewels were often painted within pieces to make the owner of the piece feel wealthier. A painting which included such luxurious items was the next best thing to actually owning the real gems.

As the culture changed so did the faces and characteristic style of the depicted subjects.  All in all the exquisite attention to detail within Northern Renaissance art is what made it incredible during this time period. The art which was shown in the documentary was simply amazing and very impressive.

*ART 236* Blog #1

   

      The Renaissance period is held in high regard by our culture because it was a time of advancement and change within Europe.  Exploration, travel and trade became important for it expanded peoples knowledge and wealth. New city states emerged during this time, in turn providing a new middle class which had enough money to spend on extravagant art.  Many great writers and artists lived during this time period; Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci are two artists that come to mind. During this era many artists and architects used mathematics when producing their art, the Golden Mean is an example of this. Realism was used more often by painters during this time as well. Precise attention to detail was more prominent within art and architecture in regards to proportion, symmetry and perspective. Compared to previous eras the Renaissance period produced extremely talented artists who produced well known masterpieces.  Leonardo da Vinci painted the world famous Mona Lisa and Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican both of which are examples of timeless art.

Art 235 Final Blog Post

            I have never had the opportunity to learn about the history of art prior to this class; I was and still am excited to learn more about it. There is so much information out there; I have truly enjoyed learning about all of the different eras, cultures, and types of art.

 I would have to say that the earliest findings are what I found particularly interesting. The prehistoric – Stone age period is unique visually as well as historically. It fascinates me how works of art that are thousands of years old still remain in tact. Cave paintings in particular captivated my interest right away. As simplistic as they seem to most, they touch me in a special way.  Artists are special in the way that they are set apart and different from the average person.  They internalize, see, hear, and touch the world in a completely different way.  To be able to have the gift of expression through the works of ones hands is an amazing gift.  I find it interesting that the cave art was done in dark caves with only the flickering light of a lamp. These artists must have been very patient, and determined, not to mention they must have had great eye sight. I think it is really neat how people also used representational objects to tell a story and help others learn.  The BIRD-HEADED MAN WITH BISON within the Lascaux cave tells a story of a man who is probably a hunter who was telling a tale about how he hunted, or how to hunt.  The figures are so simplistic, especially the man who is portrayed as a stick figure. I found it interesting to learn about the different kinds of poses that artists used. The composite pose for example was used during this prehistoric time period. The images that are portrayed seem so elementary or better yet abstract compared to most present day artwork.

            Cave painting is very interesting; however I really liked learning about the cave sculptures. Being able to see pictures of these works within the text book is fascinating. I especially like the sculpture of the Bison within the cave in Le Tuc d’Audoubert, France. I think it is really cool how some of the shapes were modeled, as well as carved and engraved. The footprints of the artist(s) which surround the piece are really intriguing.

            Architecture is another artistic interest of mine. My family’s history lies within England; I love castles, and I found the picture of the Dover castle to be absolutely breath taking. The cathedrals that we looked at were also very interesting to me.  I especially enjoyed learning about the Medieval era and the "Doors of Bishop Bernard" panels. I enjoyed how they told stories from the Old Testament and the New Testament, because I am not a religious person, they were very informative and enlightening.  I especially liked the panels which showed the temptation and fall of mankind, which was done by portraying Adam and Eve sinning in the Garden of Eden.  The next panel showed the crucifixion of Christ, where he was left to die on the cross for the salvation of mankind. I like how these panels were done in chronological order, and I really appreciated the different levels of relief which they were carved. In all honesty I have learned so much from this class, I have a new appreciation and respect for art, artists and art historians.

Temptation and Fall of Adam and Eve vs. the Crucifixion of Christ

     I have chosen to take a closer look at the panels which depict the Temptation and fall of Adam and Eve as well as the Crucifixion of Christ.  These panels are on Bernward’s door within the Hildesheim Cathedral. Although these two pieces tell a different story they are similar because they coincide with the topic of sin. The bronze panels have eight scenes on the left which are from the Old Testament, and eight scenes on the right which are from the New Testament. The Old Testament depictions are in chronological order from top to bottom. The New Testament depictions are to be read from the bottom to the top. 

            The Temptation and fall of Adam and Eve depicts high relief sculpture of nude human figures.  The tree and serpent are depicted in low relief sculpture.  According to the Bible, God had told them that they could eat anything within the Garden of Eden. However he specifically instructed them not to eat any of the fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil.  Satan was a fallen angel; he disguised himself as a serpent within the Garden of Eden.  He disguised himself in order to convince Eve that it was ok to take and eat a piece of the forbidden fruit, which she shared with Adam. Because Eve gave into temptation by listening to the serpent, they went against Gods word therefore they were both banished from the garden.  They were also made aware of their nakedness and became ashamed.  They became mortal humans and would have to work by the sweat of their brow for food as well as have childbearing illness (menstruation and labor pains).  This situation within the garden is where the first incident of sin occurred.

            The next panel which I would like to talk about depicts the crucifixion of Christ. The bodies within this piece are in high relief. Christ who looks weak and frail, is nailed to the cross, with his arms stretched out.  Besides Jesus Christ, there are two guards, Christ’s mother Mary and John the apostle. The theme of this piece also relates to sin, as it depicts Christ sacrificing his life for the salvation of man. All of the people are shown facing toward the middle where the cross stands, which leads the viewer to believe that this part of the composition is the most important.  The cross as well as the background is carved in a low relief translating its level of importance to be less than that of the people. The same is true for the previous composition of Adam and Eve.  Their arms are outstretched towards the tree which is in the middle of the piece, thus meaning it is the main focal point.

            In conclusion after studying both pieces, I feel that both of these pieces are very balanced, as well as they both draw the eye of the viewer to the center of the composition. Because sin is the main topic within both pieces I feel that they have a common bond, therefore relate to one another.  The first piece shows how sin started, and the second piece shows us how Christ tried to end sin by sacrificing his life.

           

The bust of Commodus as Hercules vs. the portrait head of Caracalla

            Most marble carvings, weather it be a bust or a portrait are made because the subject is extremely important within their community, country or empire.  Sometimes the image(s) and or the message which these carvings portray can be misinterpreted due to exaggeration by the subject itself.

     The bust of Commodus and the Caracalla portrait were both made in honor of two very important influential men.  Commodus was an extremely handsome, vain and pretentious man; he claimed to be the reincarnation of Hercules as well as the incarnation of the god Jupiter.  The bust that was created of him was made in the likeness of which he wished to be portrayed.  So that Commodus would be associated with strength, power, immortality and divinity, the idealized bust was made to resemble the youthful god Hercules. Commodus is shown wearing the hide of a lion, which is worn like a cloak upon his head and shoulders.  The head of the lion rests atop Commodus' head; the front legs of the lion are then wrapped around Commodus’ neck, tied and draped over his chest area. The paws of the lion hide which Commodus is wearing appear to be slightly textured, contrasting the smooth polished stone of Commodus’ chest.  His chest and arm muscles are accentuated in order to project physical perfection.  The way in which he is shown holding the club exudes courage, power and strength. He is shown glancing to his right, away from the viewer, which is somewhat of an arrogant pose.  The way in which the face was sculpted appears to create a sultry gaze.  The chiseled eyes have arched eyebrows and droopy eyelids which hang over the iris of the eyes thus giving him the look of relaxation and confidence.  Commodus’ hair on this bust is very detailed, the curls have been made to exhibit depth and texture, light and shadows, using positive and negative relief. 

There are many representational symbolic features within this bust; the piece which he wears upon his head is Hercules lion hide, the 1^st of 12 labours, the killing of the Nemean lion.  He is holding Hercules club, and is shown wearing the Girdle of Hippolyta. This girdle depicts the 9^th labour, the killing of the Amazon queen and the defeat of the Amazons. The shield on the girdle has the head of a gorgon Medusa on it, which refers to Greek mythology. Below his right arm, there appears to be a female sculpture.  This headless and armless sculpture represents the killing of Amazon women. The fruit in his left hand are the apples of Herispides which represent the 11^th labour. The marble ball underneath of Commodus is the “Orbis Terrarum”, (orb of the world); a thick band is wrapped around the orb which contains zodiac signs.  These particular signs represent important times in Commodus’ life and the rosettes on the orb represent stars. The cornucopia represents the new golden age which Commodus brought. They are full of fruit, which also represents prosperity, abundance and fertility. Commodus is surrounded by and adorned with trophies, which leads me to believe that he was a handsome, strong, courageous ruler.  Realistically, I think his ego was larger than he actually was.



The portrait head of Caracalla shows a very realistic threatening scowl which is rather intimidating.  The portrait forces one to acknowledge this mans stern militant authority and power.  Like Commodus, Caracalla wanted a particular representation of himself to be made.  However, Commodus was rather arrogant and egotistical with his sculpture depiction. In my opinion he just wanted to be glorified, Caracalla on the other hand wanted to be feared and respected.  Caracalla had a reputation for being callous and aggressive; however he was well respected by his military. In order to be properly acknowledged, Caracalla wanted his competency, his association with the army, and his capabilities as a military leader to be visually prominent.  This portrait appears to be veristic, due to the enhanced furrows, wrinkles and lines on his face. He looks like he has “been there, done that” and seen more than the average man. The shortness of Caracalla’s hair and beard was done by negative carving; a technique done by stippling a chisel across the surface of the stone.  The characteristic traits of Caracalla's which this portrait depicts are that of a thick neck, a sharp turn of the head (to the left), protruding muscles of the forehead and wrinkled brows, two slanting protrusions above the eyes, a furrowed brow, cleft chin and an overall sinister expression. The scowl and suspicious glance worn by Caracalla was, among other things a nod to the army.  It was also an affirmation of military strength from Caracalla, who became commander in chief at a relatively young age. 

In conclusion I feel that bust of Commodus portrays an arrogant and prideful young man more so than strong and powerful one.  To me, the portrait of Caracalla portrays wisdom, power and strength. Both pieces are unique because certain parts of their body i.e.: eyes, hair and gaze are accentuated in different ways.  The adornments, stance and facial expressions are all characteristics affiliated with propaganda.